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位于西城区前海西街的恭王府是北京保存最完整的清代王府。其前身为清乾隆时的宠臣、大学士和珅的宅第，嘉庆四年（1799年）和珅获罪，宅第入官。清咸丰帝将其赐予六弟恭亲王奕昕，是为恭王府。恭亲王奕昕是道光皇帝之子，咸丰皇帝之六弟。在同治、光绪两朝时，综理国家大政及外交事务，为清代后期重要历史人物。 恭王府分府邸和花园（花园叫“萃锦园”）两部分，占地46.5亩。其设计富丽堂皇，斋室轩院曲折变幻，风景幽深秀丽。 恭王府花园 (一)历史简述 恭NFDBE王府及花园早年曾是乾隆朝大学士和糰宅第。嘉庆四年(1799)，和糰获罪，宅第没收，改赐与庆王永瞞。咸丰元年(1851)，才改赐给恭NFDBE王奕，此时始称恭王府及恭王府花园。光绪二十四年，奕死后，其孙溥伟继承NFDBE王，但长居此府花园者，是溥伟之弟溥儒先生，即著名画家、书法家、诗人溥心畲。 辛亥之后恭王府及其花园，几经沦桑，幸存至今，弥足珍贵。 (二)景观介绍 恭王府花园又名萃锦园，南北长约150米，东西宽170余米，占地面积28万平方米。全园有古建筑31处，面积4800平方米。全园布局分中、东、西三路。 1中路 中路的建筑是花园主体。花园的正门与前部王府建筑由一过道相隔，是一座具有西洋建筑风格的汉白玉石拱门，处于花园中轴线的最南端。进门后"独乐峰"，是一块高5米余的太湖石，虽是园中点缀，但起着屏风的作用。过了独乐峰，正北是"海渡鹤桥"，过桥为"安善堂"。这是一座宽敞大厅，当时恭NFDBE王在此设便宴招待客人。越过安善堂，来到"韵花鋎"。这是一排堂阁小屋，过此即是全园的主山"滴翠岩"。山上有平台名"邀月台"，额曰"绿天小隐"。山下有洞，曰"秘云洞"，著名的康熙"福字碑"即在洞中。中轴线的最后一组建筑是"倚松屏"和"蝠厅"。这里是消夏纳凉的好地方。 2东路 东路的主要建筑是"大戏楼"，建筑面积685平方米，建筑形式是三券勾连搭全封闭式结构。厅内南边是高约一米的戏台、厅顶挂着宫灯，地面方砖铺就。这里除了演戏之外，还是当年恭王府中举办红白喜事的地方。大戏楼南为"怡神所"，是当年赏花行令之所。此外，"曲径通幽"、"吟香醉月"、"踨蔬圃"、"流怀亭"、垂青樾"、"樵香经"等景点，均属东路范畴。 ①花园正门 ②独乐峰 ③蝠池 ④安善堂 ⑤福字碑 ⑥邀月台 ⑦蝠厅(画展) ⑧梧桐院 ⑨工艺品部 ⑩芭蕉院 B11戏楼 B12荷花院 B13竹子院 B14明道斋 B15垂花门 B16书房 B17书画社 B18小菜园 B19流杯亭 B20龙王庙 B21狐仙庙 B22榆关 B23妙香亭 B24渡鹤桥 B25韵花鋎B26湖心亭 B27棣华杆 B28秋水山房 B29益智斋 3西路 西路的主要景观是"湖心亭"。这里以水面为主，中间有敞轩三间，是观赏、垂钓的好去处。水塘西岸有"凌倒影"，南岸有"浣云居"，北岸轩馆五间叫"花月玲珑"及"海棠轩"。南岸山上有一段城堡式墙垣，长约50米，雉堞、洞券俱全，石额书曰"榆关"，山径石碣书"翠云岭"。榆关东北有一座海棠式方亭，名妙香亭，二层八角式。西路中还有"雨者岭"、"养云精舍"、"山神庙"等景观。
Gongwangfu Garden, located by Shichahai Lake, was the residence of He Shen who was one of the most important court officials of the Emperor Qianlong (Qing Dynasty). He Shen lost his life owing to his luxury residences, his opera house in particular. After building his expensive residence and its indoor opera house, He Shen worried that he might be punished as the emperor only had outdoor opera houses. The emperor would inevitably ask him about his new residence so He Shen decided to conceal the details. However, he dared not lie to the emperor or he would definitely be killed. He was in a dilemma. He stepped into the hall of the opera house, where the workers were painting patterns of dragons on the columns and beams. He took a long sigh and looked out of the window to find that the grapevine was turning green. An idea flashed into his mind. He asked the workers to stop and repaint the hall with the patterns of grapevine. Things went as He predicted. The emperor asked about his new residence when the construction finished: how many artificial hills the garden had; how large the pool was; how high the base of the complex was and how many rooms there were. Having got satisfactory answers, he finally ended the conversation by asking where He watched Peking Opera. He answered, “I watch the performances under th grapevine.”He deceived the emperor but he could not conceal the fact forever. Some officials later informed Emperor Jiaqing, successor of Qianlong, that some designs of He’s residence were of an opulence that was only alowed for the imperial residences. He Shen was thrown into jail for his imperial pretensions and sentenced to death. Part of his crime was that yellow robes decorated with patterns of dragons, the design of the emperor robe, were found in the case under his bed. More importantly, the indoor opera house had dramatically compromised imperial dignity. He even used the imperial dragon pattern to adorn the stage. Part of the function of opera houses was to amplify imperial splendor, so they had been given great importance by the emperors. The largest imperial opera house in the Summer Palace can prove this point.
清史展馆
荷花院
垂花门内静悄悄
流杯亭
琼蝠池观鱼
福字碑
西洋门外
西洋门内
榆关
妙香亭
诗画舫
诗画舫内景
独乐峰
湖心亭
安善堂和蝠池
荷花院
福字碑
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